The self-efficacy of counselors providing telemental health services during the Covid-19 pandemic

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, counselors have had to adapt and evolve to meet the needs of clients and the growing need for mental health services. In addition to a lack of experience providing telemental health (TMH) services, many counselors had received little or no TMH training or continuing education prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Counselor self-efficacy (CSE) may be an important factor in determining how counselors have been impacted by the increase in provision of TMH services, and the areas where they are needing more support. The purpose of this quantitative study was to explore how the amount TMH training and continuing education received, the amount of time spent providing TMH services, and the amount of time spent providing counseling services predict CSE. Participants (n=84) completed an online survey containing items from the Counseling Self-Estimate Inventory (COSE). Results of a bivariate regression and one-way ANOVA indicated that TMH training and continuing education did not predict CSE;however, differences between groups revealed an interesting phenomenon which prompted further discussion. Results also showed that both the amount of time spent providing TMH services and the amount of time spent providing counseling services predicted CSE. Counselors and counselor educators can use results from this study to advocate for more resources and support for counseling students and counselors who are providing TMH services. Furthermore, results from this study indicate a need for more research on CSE and TMH to improve counselor education and support. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

The school counselor's role in a post-COVID-19 era

In March 2020, COVID-19 caused many schools worldwide to unexpectedly end their academic year early. Some schools attempted to transition in what seemed almost overnight from traditional face-to-face delivery to remote online delivery. Remote delivery did not always mean an online delivery, but in most cases, online technology was heavily depended upon. This paper specifically looked at the role and tasks of the school counselor when students were not able to be physically located within the school building. The paper attempts to answer the question of how school counselors can effectively develop and deliver their comprehensive programs to all students during emergency closures. Initial challenges and issues highlighted by the school closure will be explored, as well as issues to consider for school counselors as schools prepare to reopen. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved.

Understanding and Addressing the Well-Being of School Counselors

Diminished self-care practices and heightened stress of school counselors are continuing problems in education. With role ambiguity, high student-to-counselor ratios, emotional exhaustion, and other factors adding pressure to the roles and responsibilities of school counselors, this study investigated the well-being practiced of Missouri school counselors and the internal and external factors which influence them. Findings demonstrate several ways in which school counselors fail to meet basic well-being benchmarks, examples of positive school principal supports, and systemic counselor role ambiguity, mission creep, and high caseloads that contribute to stress and burnout. These results indicate three levels of decision-making that are paramount to school counselors achieving and sustaining healthy well-being practices--the individual counselor's role in self-care and professional advocacy;the school leader's approach to defining the counselor's role and promoting a healthy workplace culture;and the ways in which policymakers affect systemic change.

Exploring global careers: Individual mobility and organizational management

This chapter explores individual careers that involve living and working in different countries. Such international careers are increasingly common among global professionals. The management of global careerists is a challenge for organizations and global mobility (GM) departments due to the many micro- and mesoelements that have an influence on the outcomes of working abroad. Career counselors would benefit from understanding the key determinants of working in GM in order to refine suggested career interventions. Therefore, the chapter discusses organizational considerations, the roles of GM professionals, and their particular challenges. Moreover, it proposes a framework for GM work and presents reflections on the impact of COVID-19 on GM, delineating recent substantial changes to global careers and their impact on those who manage GM. The chapter predominantly focuses on the micro- and mesolevel perspectives and, at times, depicts the wider context. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Qualitative analysis of university counselors' online counseling experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study aimed to reflect on counselors' experiences and the adaptation processes in university counseling centers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Accordingly, 15 counselors and psychologists working at different counseling centers were reached and interviewed. Thematic analysis showed that participants had to adapt to changes brought by the pandemic to continue their services. The adaptation of counseling centers to online practices showed differences according to administrative decisions and technical capacities. As a result of the urgent need to continue providing psychological help, participants moved to online practices, which caused professional and social life changes. Participant attitudes to online counseling were mainly positive. Since students had to move back to their family homes during the pandemic, limited confidentiality was the main problem aside from technological glitches in online sessions. Counselors encountered personal and professional challenges as a result of the ongoing counseling sessions and listed the self-care activities they used.

Factors Associated With Intention and Use of e-Mental Health by Mental Health Counselors in General Practices: Web-Based Survey.

BACKGROUND: Mental health care counselors have a high intention to use e-mental health (EMH), whereas actual use is limited. Facilitating future use requires insight into underlying factors as well as eligibility criteria that mental health care counselors use in their decision to apply EMH. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to unfold the intention and underlying reasons for mental health counselors to use EMH and to unveil the criteria they use to estimate patient eligibility for EMH. The theoretical framework was based on the reasoned action approach model, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, and the Measurement Instrument for Determinants of Innovation model. METHODS: To empirically validate our theoretical model, a web-based survey was conducted among mental health care counselors (n=132). To unveil the eligibility criteria, participants were asked to rank their reasons for considering EMH suitable or unsuitable for a patient. RESULTS: The mean intention to use EMH was positive (mean 4.04, SD 0.64). The mean use of EMH before the COVID-19 pandemic was 38% (mean 0.38, SD 0.22), and it was 49% (mean 0.49, SD 0.25) during the pandemic. In total, 57% of the patient population was considered eligible for EMH. Usefulness and benefits (ß=.440; P<.001), Task perception (ß=.306; P=.001), and Accessibility (ß=.140; P=.02) explained the intention to use EMH (F3,131=54.151; P<.001; R2=0.559). In turn, intention explained patient eligibility (F1,130=34.716; P<.001; R2=0.211), whereas intention and patient eligibility explained EMH use (F2,129=41.047; P<.001; R2=0.389). Patient eligibility partially mediated the relationship between intention to use EMH and EMH use, with a larger direct effect (c'=0.116; P<.001) than indirect effect (c=0.065, 95% CI 0.035-0.099; P<.001). Mental health counselors assessed patients' eligibility for EMH mainly through the availability of computers and the internet and patient motivation. CONCLUSIONS: To stimulate the use of EMH, intention and patient eligibility need to be influenced. Intention, in turn, can be enhanced by addressing the perceived usefulness and benefits of EMH, perceived accessibility, and task perception. Access to a computer and patients' motivation to use EMH are important in facilitating patient eligibility. To cause an impact with EMH in general practice, mental health counselors need to be convinced of the benefits of EMH and transfer this enthusiasm to the patient. It is recommended to involve mental health counselors in the development of EMH to increase the (perceived) added value and use.

The effects of using mental health benefits in the workplace

The number of companies that offer mental health benefits increased after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, but there is limited research examining the impact of benefit usage on employees in the workplace. In this experiment, the effects of benefit usage were investigated using a 2 (Mental Health Counselor Utilization: not utilized or utilized) x 2 (Mental Health Day Utilization: not utilized or utilized) x 2 (Social Norms: absent or present) x 2 (Employee Gender: female or male) fully crossed factorial design. A total of 523 individuals with supervisory experience were randomly assigned to read one of sixteen descriptions of a fictional male or female employee who either did or did not make use of mental health benefits in a work setting where such usage was either normative or unknown. Participants then evaluated the employee they read about. This study examined the role of perceived competence as a mechanism to explain the relationship between mental health benefit utilization and employee evaluation. In addition, three moderators were tested to determine whether the effect of benefit usage varies depending on: Prejudice toward People with Mental Illness (PPMI);norms for mental health benefit usage;and the employee's gender. Of the two mental health benefits evaluated, only counselor utilization had significant outcomes. Under some circumstances the mediating role of Perceived Competence and the moderating effects of PPMI and Employee Gender on Employee Evaluation were significant. Male employees were penalized more harshly than their female counterparts for using the counselor benefit. The negative effect of counselor usage was more pronounced when evaluators were high in PPMI. Overall, this study suggests that the effect of utilization varies depending on what kind of mental health benefit is used, characteristics of the evaluator, and characteristics of the employee being evaluated. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

School counselors' early pandemic perceptions and experiences

I initially designed this study to explore the experiences and perceptions of recently credentialed school counselors adjusting to their new professional responsibilities. COVID-19 caused school closures after my data gathering had begun. I followed the original semi-structured interview protocol except I intentionally probed COVID-related topics introduced by participants. Because it also became impossible to recruit participants who met the original criteria of "new" school counselors, I relaxed these criteria to secure eleven participants. The participants described what drew them to the profession, what they most appreciated about their graduate school experiences, how they negotiated the sudden changes, and the joy and satisfaction of serving children's needs. The most vivid outcome is a real-time description of the day-to-day challenges of doing their best under circumstances that one had imagined possible or prepared for. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

"i hear you": Exploring the lived experience of counselors' empathic response to clients when conducting telephonic counseling during COVID-19

This study sought to unearth the lived experience of counselors empathically responding to clients via telephonic counseling during COVID-19. The term empathic response refers to as attending to the emotional and mental state of another person in a way that is attuned with the feelings and meanings of the individual's experience. There are few studies that have assessed the merits of telephonic counseling, and even fewer that have examined counselors' empathic response to clients through this medium.To uncover the lived experience of the target population, the participants of the study were purposefully selected to include only those who had actively conducted telephonic counseling with clients in an outpatient setting during the pandemic. This hermeneutic phenomenological study was informed by Clark's (2010) integral model of empathy and Peoples' (2020) general data analysis steps in phenomenological research. The study was conducted with a total of eleven participants who had conducted telephonic counseling during COVID-19. The results of the study identified the master theme of subjective empathy, under which fell the subthemes of identification, imagination, intuition, and felt-level experience. The study also identified the master theme of interpersonal empathy, under which fell the subthemes of understanding barrier to counseling, understanding clients' SES situations, understanding the clients' natural environment, environmental barriers to interpersonal empathy, and emotional barriers to interpersonal empathy. Finally, the study identified the master theme of objective empathy, under which fell the subtheme of information from supervision as a source for objective empathy and information from COVID-related media as a source for objective empathy. The limitations, implications of the study, suggestions for future research, and questions for future research were included. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

A phenomenological investigation of the lived experiences of middle school professional school counselors in addressing student mental health, during the COVID-19 pandemic, after a return to in-person instruction

This study is positioned to contribute to our growing understanding of how COVID-19 has impacted our students and the individuals tasked with promoting their mental health and wellness. The overarching aim was to understand the lived experiences of middle school professional school counselors (PSCs) in addressing student mental health, during the COVID-19 pandemic, after a return to in-person instruction. The study strived to learn, if and how, the PSC's role has changed since returning to in-person instruction and to gauge the kind of support, if any, that they received with their counseling program. The researcher utilized convenience sampling from the Counselor Education and Supervision NETwork-Listserv, the American School Counselor Association listserv and Facebook. The study involved interviews with 10 participants who were employed as a middle school PSC, served in at least the fourth year as a PSC, held a master's degree in counseling, and had internet access. The researcher used Giorgi's descriptive method of phenomenology to analyze the data, which yielded three themes and three subthemes: 1) Awareness and Psychoeducation on the Mental Health Impact of COVID-19, 2) Adapting to Meet the Needs of Students (Utilizing Innovation;Structure and Intention with Direct Service Delivery;Shift to Reactive Services), and 3) Emotional Impact of Being a Helper During the Pandemic. The findings provide stakeholders, PSCs, and school counselor educators with a deeper understanding of factors related to addressing student mental health after a return to in-person instruction and how to better support PSCs in addressing these mental health concerns. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Online counseling service delivery for school counselors

While the community mental health profession has provided online counseling interventions regularly in the form of telehealth counseling, this counseling platform is not as frequently offered, nor explored, in the scholarly literature related to school counseling. With the onset of online PK-12 instruction throughout the United States in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, school counselors were forced to adjust their reach to align with the virtual platform. This chapter explores the best practice recommendations related to providing school counseling interventions in an online/virtual format. © 2023 Springer Publishing Company, LLC. All rights reserved.

An examination of psychosocial and professional effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on genetic counselors.

For healthcare workers, recognized professional challenges associated with the COVID-19 pandemic include changes to service delivery models, increased burnout, furlough, and loss of income. The main goal of this study was to more clearly define the impact on mental health and quality of life of genetic counselors during the COVID-19 pandemic in the contexts of their personal, professional, and social lives. Eligible genetic counselors (GCs) (n = 283) responded to an online survey that incorporated validated instruments: Patient Health Questionnaire, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Professional Quality of Life, and the In Charge Financial Distress/Financial Well-Being Scale. Additionally, original questions were developed from previous qualitative research on COVID-19 challenges for healthcare workers. Results showed 62% of respondents felt their mental health was impacted for the worse, 45% found it more difficult to achieve work/life balance, 16.8% scored within moderate-to-severe depression severity, 19.2% scored within moderate-to-severe anxiety, 26.3% reported high burnout, and 7% had high financial distress. GCs reported generally lower levels of anxiety and depression compared to healthcare workers and the general population. Thematic analysis identified feelings of isolation and difficulties balancing professional/personal responsibilities with more remote work. However, some participants reported greater flexibility in their schedule and more time with family. Self-care activities increased, with 93% engaging in more meditation and 54% began exercising. There were similar themes reported in this survey compared to other healthcare workers' experiences. There is also a dichotomy in positive and negative impacts with some GCs appreciating the flexibility of working from home but others reporting this blurs the line between personal and professional responsibilities. These results suggest consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to impact the field of genetic counseling and understanding these changes will be instrumental in addressing the needs of GCs to practice effectively.

Psychological state and its correlates of local college students in Wuhan during COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2020, the lockdown of Wuhan due to the outbreak of COVID-19 impacted various aspects of local college students' life and may further negatively affect their psychological state. This study was conducted among 652 Wuhan local college students during the quarantine of this city. We assessed their psychological state using Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale 21 and evaluated their living condition including diet, schedule, recreational activities, social contact, academic life, and attention paid to pandemic news. Results showed that 16.87% of the students reported stress, 28.68% with anxiety, and 35.12% had depression. According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, having a medical background was associated with higher stress levels; students who had an irregular diet and schedule were more likely to develop stress, anxiety, and depression; students with their academic life affected had a higher prevalence of anxiety and depression. By studying local students in the hardest-hit area during the pandemic, our findings can provide references for the improvement of college students' mental health in the long term.

Experiences of licensed professional counselors of color with implementing social justice advocacy

Mental health, racial, and socioeconomic disparities in today's society have shown how important representation and social justice advocacy is for disenfranchised and marginalized communities. Social justice, advocacy, and social justice advocacy implementation have been topics of research in the counseling profession. The importance of social justice, social justice advocacy, and representation for disenfranchised and marginalized communities has been explored the literature, as has the importance of social justice advocacy for disenfranchised and marginalized clients. However, the social justice advocacy experience for counselors who are members of disenfranchised and marginalized communities has been missing from social justice advocacy literature. The inclusion of licensed professional counselors of color's experiences in this study contributes to the gap in the research literature addressing diverse representation in the counseling profession. The experience with the implementation of social justice advocacy strategies with disenfranchised and marginalized communities was explored through a generic qualitative inquiry as the research methodology. Due to COVID-19, open-ended semi-structured interviews with participants were conducted via Zoom. Ten licensed professional counselors of color described their experiences with implementing social justice advocacy strategies with disenfranchised and marginalized populations. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify themes amongst the participants' responses to identify successful strategies for incorporating social justice advocacy within counseling practice. Recommendations for future research were made based on the participants' experience with social justice advocacy as licensed professional counselors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

The development of therapeutic relationships during the pandemic: Perceptions of professional counselors using telemental health apps in rural areas

During the COVID-19 pandemic, it became increasingly important to understand how licensed professional counselors used telemental health applications (apps) to establish therapeutic relationships in rural areas. In the past decade, technology has undergone significant changes in its purpose and design. During the COVID-19 pandemic, telemental health was a tool that provided access to mental health services by developing and sharing innovative and effective treatments. The literature suggested that telemental health apps are effective for providing counseling services to clients living in rural areas. Therefore, this technology provided added support to individuals who faced treatment barriers. In this generic qualitative study, data were collected and analyzed regarding the perceptions of therapeutic relationship development among licensed professional counselors using telemental health apps in rural areas during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data collected from the semi-structured interview were analyzed using inductive analysis, through which six themes emerged: (a) relational components of therapy, b) methods and approaches used to guide sessions, (c) client concerns about ethical and privacy issues, (d) barriers to engaging clients in the sessions, (e) the value of videoconferencing platforms to help connect with clients, and (f) evolving new roles and responsibilities. The themes that emerged helped answer the research question: "How have professional counselors used telemental health apps in rural areas to develop the therapeutic relationship during COVID-19?" Counselors may better understand, empathize, support, engage, connect, and develop therapeutic relationships with clients when utilizing these applications. In future research, it would be worthwhile to examine clients' viewpoints, since telemental health applications are designed with clients in mind. Also, associate-level professionals used telemental health to work with clients, and this experience may be useful to gain a perspective from counselors in training. Finally, when it comes to participation recruitment, it may be beneficial to reach out to various social networks, Listservs, and other professional organizations. Counselors may report different experiences regarding their engagement with clients. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and self-care among child trauma

Child trauma counselors are at elevated risk for burnout, posing a legitimate concern for society as routine exposure to the trauma of others has been linked to clinical error, so finding ways to sustain counselor well-being is vital. The current study used the compassion fatigue-compassion satisfaction theory integrated with positivistic psychology constructs. The quantitative associative-correlational method explored relationships between the Professional Quality of Life-V (burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and compassion satisfaction) and self-care. In September of 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Qualtrics collected response data from volunteer participants recruited from certified Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral therapists (N = 295). The data was analyzed using a Spearman rank-order correlation. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between self-care and burnout (p < .01;correlation coefficient r = -.60) and between self-care and secondary traumatic stress (p < .01;correlation coefficient r = -0.21) while a significant positive correlation between self-care and compassion satisfaction (p < .01;correlation coefficient r = 0.50) was found. The results suggest that self-care enhances compassion satisfaction, serving as a buffer to burnout and secondary traumatic stress, affording worker resiliency. The study model recognized adjunctive factors related to positive outcomes encompassing personal resiliency, self-efficacy, individual empowerment, and intrinsic motivation for peak performance fueling the restorative, proactive self-care practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

An investigation of healthcare professionals' perspectives on the tasks of mental health counselors in hospital settings

With the global mental health implications reported by the spread of COVID 19 (Javed et al., 2020) and the amplified mental health illnesses reported by the State of Mental Health in America (Reinert et al., 2021), there is an increased need to address psychological and emotional health along with physical health. Mental Health Counselors (MHCs) can be the next professional body to support the multidisciplinary teams within hospital settings to complement holistic care focusing on physical and emotional well-being. Researchers have demonstrated addressing the psychological needs of patients from their first admissions to the hospital has significant positive implications on their recovery outcomes as well as psychological, social, and relational well-being post-discharge (Zhang et al., 2016;Ng et al., 2007;Schoultz et al., 2015;McCombie et al., 2016;Hatch et al., 2011). Research on the effects of therapeutic intervention has effectively prevented PTSD in the general population when provided in the first month after trauma exposure (Bryant et al., 2008). Therefore, early therapeutic interventions in hospital settings to identify emotional and psychological reactions (Weinert & Meller, 2007) before discharging patients can significantly impact patients' post-discharge mental health. However, since counseling is a new profession entering the medical field, role confusion within multidisciplinary teams appears to impact counselors' effective integration into healthcare as they provide counseling services to hospitalized patients. Therefore, in this study, I address the gap in the literature by exploring the perspectives and expectations of healthcare professionals on what MHCs do in hospital settings. This study was guided by a social constructivist paradigm utilizing an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design, concept mapping (Kane & Trochim, 2007). Healthcare professionals conceptualized MHCs' tasks in hospital settings to facilitate medical and mental health services and enhance patients' well-being in 104 statements grouped in 11 clusters forming three central regions. The three main regions include: "Overarching Roles and Responsibilities of MHCs in the Hospital Setting" (Region I) contained two clusters (i.e., 'Fundamental Roles and Responsibilities in the Hospital Setting', & 'Specific Roles and Responsibilities in Different Hospital Units') of MHCs' tasks, while "MHCs' Specific Roles in the Hospital Setting" (Region II) entailed four clusters (i.e., 'Building Relationship with Patients,' 'Assessing/Evaluating Patients' Mental Health Status', 'Assisting and Supporting patients with Physical, Psychological, and Social Challenges in Relations to their Medical Condition' & 'Educating Patients') and "MHC's Roles and Responsibilities as a Multidisciplinary Team Member" (Region III) hosted five clusters (i.e., 'Advocating for Patients in the Multidisciplinary Team', 'Mediating Communication Between Healthcare Professionals, Patients, and Families', 'Collaborating with Other Multidisciplinary Team Members on Patients' Care', 'Training Other Multidisciplinary Members on General Wellness and Mental Health' & 'Offering Trainings and Emotional Support to Other Multidisciplinary Team Members'). The top three higher-rated clusters as being most important for participants were cluster 7 'advocating for patients in the multidisciplinary team', cluster 5 'assisting and supporting patients with physical, psychological, and social challenges in relation to their medical condition,' and cluster 11 'offering training and emotional support to other multidisciplinary team members'. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

A Mixed Methods Evaluation of an Integrated Primary and Behavioral Health Training Program for Counseling Students

Behavioral health provider shortages continue to grow in the United States, with the need for related services increasing as the SARS-COVID-19 pandemic persists. The implementation of integrated primary and behavioral healthcare (IPBH) practices represents one viable approach to leverage existing resources and maximize the potential for client outcomes;however, best practices for counselors within an IPBH paradigm remain unclear. We report the findings of a mixed method evaluation of an IPBH training program with 45 (36 females;9 males;Mage = 31.65) professional counseling students who predominately identified with ethnic minority identities (55%), urban residences (66%), and disadvantaged backgrounds (44%). We detected statistically and practically significant changes in self-efficacy (p = .01, d = .55) and interprofessional valuing and socialization (p < .01, d = .76), but mixed findings for variables associated with multicultural competence. Stakeholder interviews and document analysis identified four key facilitators (Financial Support;Facilitated Engagement;Witnessing Collaboration;Holistic Representation of Clients and Client Care) and four barriers (Awareness Raising and Recruitment;Logistics and Coordination;Inconsistent Culture of IPBH;Momentum Maintenance) to program success.

Counselors' experiences and intervention strategies: A phenomenological study on gender-based violence in the Midwestern states

The dissertation investigated the experiences of six counselors located in the Midwestern region of the USA and how their experiences influence intervention strategies when providing support for GBV (Gender-Based Violence) survivors. The purpose of the study was to explore the counselors' experiences and to see how these affect the strategies that they use. The hermeneutical phenomenological approach was used as a methodology, with six participant counselors who were from agencies and shelters that house gender-based violence survivors. The researcher recruited the participants using convenience sampling and snowballing strategies, and analyzed data from semi-structured interviews, fieldnotes, and document analysis, using the Bronfenbrenner Model as the conceptual framework. The data analysis yielded seven main themes: experience of counselors, interventions for GBV, negative impacts of therapy on counselors, counselors' needs in GBV work, coping strategies for counselors, types of abuse in clients, and the effects of covid on GBV work. Implications for these findings on counselor educators, clinical supervisors and future research within the mental health field are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Resilient Warriors: An Expressive Arts-Based Resiliency Program to Promote Rural Upper Elementary Students' Resilience and Well-Being

A considerable gap exists between rural and urban children in their mental health outcomes that has continued to grow during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the critical role of school counselors in addressing this gap, we tested the effectiveness of a 10-week, expressive arts-based resiliency program, Resilient Warriors, with 46 rural elementary students. Results revealed a significant increase in students' resilience and well-being posttest scores. We discuss practical implications for school counseling practitioners. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Professional School Counseling is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)